Existence classification of collinear relative equilibria in positive curvature

Let p1\boldsymbol{p}_1 and p2\boldsymbol{p}_2 be the primaries of the curved restricted three-body problem, let Li\boldsymbol{L}_i, Ei\boldsymbol{E}_i, A1\boldsymbol{A}_1, and their tilded counterparts denote the named collinear relative equilibria, and let μT\boldsymbol{\mu}_{\operatorname{T}} be the stated threshold mass ratio. For a fixed μ(0,μT)\mu\in(0,\mu_{\operatorname{T}}), the curvature parameter is κ>0\kappa>0.

Existence classification conjecture. There exist κi=κi(μ)(0,π2/4)\kappa_i=\kappa_i(\mu)\in(0,\pi^2/4) with κ1<κ2<κ3\kappa_1<\kappa_2<\kappa_3 such that the curved restricted three-body problem has exactly the following collinear relative equilibria: six, L1,L2,L3,E2,E3,A1\operatorname{L}_1,\operatorname{L}_2,\operatorname{L}_3,\operatorname{E}_2,\operatorname{E}_3,\operatorname{A}_1, for κ<κ1\kappa<\kappa_1; four, L1,L3,E3,A1\operatorname{L}_1,\operatorname{L}_3,\operatorname{E}_3,\operatorname{A}_1, for κ1<κ<κ2\kappa_1<\kappa<\kappa_2; two, L1,A1\operatorname{L}_1,\operatorname{A}_1, for κ2<κ<κ3\kappa_2<\kappa<\kappa_3; and four, L1,L~3,E~3,A1\operatorname{L}_1,\widetilde{\operatorname{L}}_3,\widetilde{\operatorname{E}}_3,\operatorname{A}_1, for κ3<κ<π2/4\kappa_3<\kappa<\pi^2/4. The values κi\kappa_i correspond respectively to the coalescence and disappearance of L2,E2\operatorname{L}_2,\operatorname{E}_2 and of L3,E3\operatorname{L}_3,\operatorname{E}_3, and to the emergence of L~3,E~3\widetilde{\operatorname{L}}_3,\widetilde{\operatorname{E}}_3. Moreover, the distances of E2,E3,A1\operatorname{E}_2,\operatorname{E}_3,\operatorname{A}_1 from the rotation center tend to infinity as κ0+\kappa\to0^+, while L1,L2,L3\operatorname{L}_1,\operatorname{L}_2,\operatorname{L}_3 converge to the planar Lagrange points.

The claim summarizes rigorous results, numerical observations, and computer-assisted evidence, but the source explicitly notes that complete existence proofs for all parameter values are still missing.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Miguel Ayala, Carlos Barrera-Anzaldo and Luis C. García-Naranjo, “Lagrange points of the restricted three-body problem in spaces of constant curvature”, arXiv:2607.19148 (2026).

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