Asymptotic half-density conjecture for the (2,2,2)(2,2,2) neuromanifold over finite fields

Let pp range over primes, and let P(2,2,2),r=2(Fp)\mathcal{P}_{(2,2,2),r=2}(\mathbb{F}_p) be the set of functions represented by the corresponding shallow neural network over Fp\mathbb{F}_p. Write δ(2,2,2),2(p)\delta_{(2,2,2),2}(p) for its density in the ambient space.

Asymptotic half-density conjecture. The arithmetic expressive capacity approaches 12\frac{1}{2} as pp\to\infty:

limpδ(2,2,2),2(p)=12.\lim_{p\to\infty}\delta_{(2,2,2),2}(p)=\frac{1}{2}.

The preceding computations for p=3,5,7,11p=3,5,7,11 give densities tending toward one half, contrasting with the complex case, where the corresponding neuromanifold contains an open Zariski set whose closure fills the ambient space. The parser provides no evidence resolving the finite-field limit, so its status remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Maksym Zubkov, Carol Wu, Shiwei Yang, Param Mody and Yifei Chen, “Expressivity of Shallow Neural Networks Over Finite Fields”, arXiv:2607.17090 (2026).

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