Selberg's eigenvalue conjecture for principal congruence surfaces

For the principal congruence surface XN=Γ(N)\H2X_N=\Gamma(N)\backslash\mathbb{H}^2, let C(XN)\mathcal{C}(X_N) denote the space of cusp forms, and let λ1cusp(XN)\lambda_1^{\mathrm{cusp}}(X_N) be the minimal eigenvalue of the Laplacian ΔXN\Delta_{X_N} on this space.

Selberg's eigenvalue conjecture. For every NN,

λ1cusp(Γ(N)\H2)14.\lambda_1^{\mathrm{cusp}}\Big(\Gamma(N) \backslash \mathbb{H}^2\Big) \geq \frac{1}{4}.

Selberg's conjecture concerns the optimal uniform spectral gap for cusp-form eigenvalues on these congruence surfaces. The source does not state a resolution, so its status is left open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Bram Petri, “Bass notes of random hyperbolic surfaces of large genus”, arXiv:2607.06331 (2026).

Additional references

12 papers in this index state this conjecture (2003–2026). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2601.13988, arXiv:2505.00653, arXiv:2304.11696, arXiv:2107.14555, arXiv:2006.07787, arXiv:1609.05500, arXiv:1602.08203, arXiv:1509.08993, arXiv:1406.1080, arXiv:math/0411385, arXiv:math/0309478.

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