Gal's nonnegativity conjecture for the second gamma-number of flag spheres

Let Δ\Delta be a flag simplicial dd-sphere. Its second gamma-number γ2(Δ)\gamma_2(\Delta) is defined by

γ2(Δ)=f1(Δ)(2d1)f0(Δ)+(d1)(2d+2),\gamma_2(\Delta)=f_1(\Delta)-(2d-1)f_0(\Delta)+(d-1)(2d+2),

where f0(Δ)f_0(\Delta) and f1(Δ)f_1(\Delta) are the numbers of vertices and edges, respectively. Gal's conjecture.

γ2(Δ)0.\gamma_2(\Delta)\geq 0.

This is known in dimension three and for several other classes of simplicial spheres. The paper also establishes the inequality for flag normal dd-pseudomanifolds with at most 2d+72d+7 vertices, but the general case remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Biplab Basak, Debolina Ghosh and Raju Kumar Gupta, “A Complete Classification of Discrete d-Pseudomanifolds with at Most 2d+7 Vertices”, arXiv:2606.29753 (2026).

Additional references

21 papers in this index state this conjecture (2006–2026). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2604.04550, arXiv:2511.12408, arXiv:2410.08139, arXiv:1908.08727, arXiv:1906.04719, arXiv:1809.00575, arXiv:1809.06835, arXiv:1711.05983, arXiv:1505.06380, arXiv:1410.6601, arXiv:1403.7144, arXiv:1209.1789, and 8 more.

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