The upper bound on the strong periodicity of connected graphs under the 2-distance operator

Let G=(V,E)G=(V,E) be any connected graph, and let ρ2(G)\rho^2(G) denote its strong periodicity under the 2-distance operator.

Upper-bound conjecture. Any connected graph G=(V,E)G=(V,E) has

ρ2(G)V3.\rho^2(G)\leq |V|-3.

This conjecture gives a universal linear upper bound on the strong periodicity of connected graphs under the 2-distance operator. The supplied text does not state whether the bound has been proved or refuted.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Gregory Demo, David Lund and Oleksiy Al-saadi, “On the Periodicity of k-distance Graphs”, arXiv:2606.25493 (2026).

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