Generalized Rains' positivity conjecture for specialized Koornwinder moments

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Let Parn\operatorname{Par}_n denote the set of partitions with at most nn parts. A (0,1)(0,1)-substitution map is an operator φ\varphi on Q(ξ,α,β,γ,δ,q)\mathbb{Q}(\xi,\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta,q) that substitutes some, possibly none, of these parameters by 00 or 11, while φ(αβqiγδ)\varphi(\alpha\beta-q^i\gamma\delta) remains a non-constant polynomial for every integer i0i\geq0. Define the minimal numerator of φ(Mλ,μZ)\varphi(M^Z_{\lambda,\mu}) using the lowest-degree product of factors φ(αβqiγδ)\varphi(\alpha\beta-q^i\gamma\delta) that clears its denominator. Generalized Rains' conjecture. If φ\varphi is a (0,1)(0,1)-substitution map satisfying at least one of φ(q)=1\varphi(q)=1, φ(q)=0\varphi(q)=0, φ(α)=0\varphi(\alpha)=0, φ(β)=0\varphi(\beta)=0, φ(γ)=0\varphi(\gamma)=0, or φ(δ)=0\varphi(\delta)=0, then for all partitions λ,μParn\lambda,\mu\in\operatorname{Par}_n, the minimal numerator of φ(Mλ,μZ)\varphi(M^Z_{\lambda,\mu}) is a polynomial with nonnegative integer coefficients. The source notes that positivity fails for general pairs (λ,μ)(\lambda,\mu), while this conjecture asserts it under the listed specializations; its status is not specified.

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Primary source

Younggwang Cho, Donghyun Kim, Jang Soo Kim, Hojoon Lee, Jing Liu and Minho Song, “An explicit formula for Koornwinder moments and Rains' positivity conjecture”, arXiv:2606.14241 (2026).

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