Coarse homotopy groups of arbitrary ladders

Let XX be a ladder consisting of two rays joined at height 00 and rungs of lengths lmNl_m\in\mathbb{N} at heights hmNh_m\in\mathbb{N}, where (hm)(h_m) is strictly increasing, and equip XX with its path metric. Let pm=2(hm+1hm)+lm+lm+1p_m=2(h_{m+1}-h_m)+l_m+l_{m+1} be the perimeter of the mm-th circle. Ladder conjecture. If limmpm=\lim_{m\to\infty}p_m=\infty, then

πnc(X,α){0n1,limm1FNmn=0,\pi_n^c(X,\alpha)\cong\begin{cases}0&n\geq1,\\{\varprojlim}^{1}_mF_{\mathbb{N}_{\geq m}}&n=0,\end{cases}

where the bonding maps ψm+1,m:FNm+1FNm\psi_{m+1,m}:F_{\mathbb{N}_{\geq m+1}}\to F_{\mathbb{N}_{\geq m}} are canonical inclusions. If the perimeters are bounded, then XX is coarsely homotopy equivalent to a ray. The statement is known when lml_m\to\infty; the general case is left open and is expected to depend only on whether the perimeters diverge.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Felix Lange, “Coarse Homotopy Theory and Shape Theory”, arXiv:2606.14212 (2026).

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