Improved error-term conjecture for the limit form of the trace formula

Let XX be the asymptotic parameter in the terms of the limit form of the trace formula, and let ff_\infty and fqf_q denote the test-function components appearing there. For every ε>0\varepsilon>0, the error term o(X)o(X) in all those terms is conjectured to admit the stronger bound O(X1/2+ε)O(X^{1/2+\varepsilon}), with an implied constant depending only on ff_\infty, fqf_q, and ε\varepsilon.

Improved error-term conjecture. In all terms above, the error term o(X)o(X) can be replaced by O(X1/2+ε)O(X^{1/2+\varepsilon}) for any ε>0\varepsilon>0, where the implied constant only depends on ff_\infty, fqf_q and ε\varepsilon.

This conjecture concerns the expected square-root-scale improvement in the error terms of the limit form of the trace formula for GL2\mathsf{GL}_2 over Q\mathbb{Q} with the specified ramification. The supplied text gives no evidence that the improvement has been proved or disproved.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Yuhao Cheng, “Beyond endoscopy for GL_2 over Q with ramification 4: contribution of non-elliptic parts”, arXiv:2605.20719 (2026).

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