Yau's variant of the Penrose conjecture

From papers

Let α0\alpha\geq 0, and let (M3,g)(M^3,g) be an asymptotically flat manifold with nonnegative scalar curvature containing an outermost minimal surface Σ\Sigma with induced metric γ\gamma. Let

λ0α(Σ,γ)<λ1α(Σ,γ)\lambda_0^{\alpha}(\Sigma,\gamma)<\lambda_1^{\alpha}(\Sigma,\gamma)\leq\cdots

be the eigenvalues of the operator ΔΣ+αK-\Delta_{\Sigma}+\alpha K, where KK is the Gauss curvature of (Σ,γ)(\Sigma,\gamma). Yau's variant of the Penrose conjecture. The ADM mass should satisfy

mADM(M,g)12λ1α(Σ,γ).m_{\operatorname{ADM}}(M,g)\geq\sqrt{\frac{1}{2\lambda_1^{\alpha}(\Sigma,\gamma)}}.

This proposed inequality is a variant of the Penrose inequality involving the first positive eigenvalue of a curvature-weighted Laplacian. The paper's abstract states that it gives a counterexample to this recently conjectured variant, so the conjecture is refuted.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Sven Hirsch and Yipeng Wang, “On a Variant of the Penrose Conjecture”, arXiv:2604.26046 (2026).

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