Potential-theoretic form of the Hermitian level-crossing limit

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Let λ∈C\lambda\in\mathbb C be an affine coordinate on CP1\mathbb{CP}^1, let

Y=2Im⁡λ1+∣λ∣2,Y=\frac{2\operatorname{Im}\lambda}{1+|\lambda|^2},

and let G(q)G(q) denote the logarithmic energy of the elliptic law with elliptic parameter q\sqrt q. Let RP1⊂CP1\mathbb{RP}^1\subset\mathbb{CP}^1 be the real projective line. Hermitian potential-theoretic limit conjecture. The universal Hermitian limiting measure is the SO(2)SO(2)-invariant measure which, away from RP1\mathbb{RP}^1, has density

12πΔλ[12log⁡(1+∣λ∣2)+G(1−Y2)]dx dy,\frac{1}{2\pi}\Delta_\lambda\left[\frac12\log(1+|\lambda|^2)+G(1-Y^2)\right]dx\,dy,

and which has no atom or singular component on RP1\mathbb{RP}^1. This gives a potential-theoretic description of the same universal measure expected for GUE and general Hermitian Wigner pencils.

References

Primary source

B. Shapiro, “Level Crossing in Random Matrices. III. Analogs of Girko's circular and Wigner's semicircle laws”, arXiv:2604.25785 (2026).

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