Elphick–Tang–Zhang square-energy conjecture for connected graphs

Let GG be a connected graph on nn vertices, and let E2+(G)\mathcal{E}_2^+(G) and E2(G)\mathcal{E}_2^-(G) denote its positive and negative 22-energies, respectively. Elphick–Tang–Zhang's conjecture.

min{E2+(G),E2(G)}n1.\min\{\mathcal{E}_2^+(G),\mathcal{E}_2^-(G)\}\geq n-1.

The conjecture has been verified for several classes of graphs, but remains open in general; the best-known bound stated here is min{E2+(G),E2(G)}3n/4\min\{\mathcal{E}_2^+(G),\mathcal{E}_2^-(G)\}\geq 3n/4.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Zhengbo Chen, Zhouningxin Wang and Xiao-Dong Zhang, “Positive and negative 3-energies of graphs”, arXiv:2604.15656 (2026).

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