The abelian sandpile minimizes average density

Let G=(V{s},E)G=(V\cup\{s\},E) be a finite graph with designated sink vertex ss, and let ρG(p)\rho_G(p) denote the stationary average density for the pp-toppling rule, where p[0,1]p\in[0,1] and p=1p=1 gives the abelian sandpile model. Minimum attained by abelian sandpiles. For all p[0,1)p\in[0,1),

ρG(p)>ρG(1).\rho_G(p)>\rho_G(1).

This is the weaker statement that the abelian sandpile model has the smallest average density; the supplied text gives no resolution.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

David Beck-Tiefenbach and Robin Kaiser, “Stochastic Sandpiles with Uniform Toppling Rule on the Line”, arXiv:2603.16304 (2026).

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