Serre's modularity conjecture for weight two over number fields

Let KK be a number field, let pp be a rational prime unramified in KK, and let GKG_K denote the absolute Galois group of KK. Let ρ:GKGL2(Fp)\overline{\rho}:G_K\rightarrow \operatorname{GL}_2(\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p) be an odd, irreducible, continuous representation with Serre conductor N\mathfrak N and determinant χp\chi_p, the mod pp cyclotomic character. Assume that, for every prime pp\mathfrak p\mid p, the restriction ρGQp\overline{\rho}\mid_{G_{\mathbb Q_{\mathfrak p}}} arises from a finite-flat group scheme over OQp\mathcal O_{\mathbb Q_{\mathfrak p}}. Serre's modularity conjecture. There is a weight two, mod pp eigenform θ\theta over KK of level N\mathfrak N such that, for every prime q\mathfrak q coprime to pNp\mathfrak N,

Tr(ρ(Frobq))=θ(Tq).\operatorname{Tr}(\overline{\rho}(\operatorname{Frob}_{\mathfrak q}))=\theta(T_{\mathfrak q}).

This is presented as a special case of Serre's modularity conjecture over number fields and is used to relate residual representations attached to elliptic curves to mod pp eigenforms; the source gives no resolution status.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Begum Gulsah Cakti, Erman Isik, Yasemin Kara and Ekin Ozman, “Solving equations of signature (p,p,2) with coefficients over number fields”, arXiv:2602.18871 (2026).

Additional references

11 papers in this index state this conjecture (2001–2026). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2209.09153, arXiv:2201.13270, arXiv:1808.04726, arXiv:1609.04458, arXiv:1603.07708, arXiv:1402.7197, arXiv:1101.0097, arXiv:math/0701442, arXiv:math/0210404, arXiv:math/0107147.

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