Finite free convolution moment comparison conjecture

From papers

Let pp and qq be real-rooted polynomials of degree dd, and let \f\f be in C4(R)C^{4}(\mathbb{R}) with f(4)0f^{(4)}\geq 0. Write μp\mu_p and μq\mu_q for the probability measures assigning equal point masses to the roots of pp and qq, respectively, and let pdqp\boxplus_d q denote their finite free additive convolution. Finite free convolution comparison conjecture. Then

1dx:(pdq)(x)=0f(x)f(t)d(μpμq)(t).\frac{1}{d}\sum_{x:(p\boxplus_d q)(x)=0}f(x)\leq\int f(t)\,\operatorname{d}(\mu_p\boxplus\mu_q)(t).

This conjecture extends the known comparison of the supports of finite free and free convolution. The source states that it is true up to leading order and that the condition f(4)0f^{(4)}\geq 0 is necessary, but the full assertion remains open.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Otte Heinävaara, “Convolution comparison measures”, arXiv:2602.10373 (2026).

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