The basis and generation conjecture for the Norton subalgebra of the bilinear forms graph

Let Γ=(X,R)\Gamma=(X,\mathcal R) be the bilinear forms graph, let x,yXx,y\in X be adjacent vertices, and let U=U(x,y)U=U(x,y) be the subspace defined earlier. Let E=E1E=E_1 be the primitive idempotent, and let O^1,1(B)\widehat O^{(B)}_{1,1}, O^1,1(C)\widehat O^{(C)}_{1,1}, and O^1,1(D)\widehat O^{(D)}_{1,1} denote the indicated vectors associated with the corresponding cells of the equitable partition. The Norton product on EVEV is uv=E(uv)u\star v=E(u\circ v). Basis and generation conjecture. The following hold:

(i) The subspace EUEU has basis

Ex^,Ey^,EO^1,1(B),EO^1,1(C),EO^1,1(D).E\hat x,\qquad E\hat y,\qquad E\widehat O^{(B)}_{1,1},\qquad E\widehat O^{(C)}_{1,1},\qquad E\widehat O^{(D)}_{1,1}.

(ii) The Norton subalgebra EUEU is generated by Ex^E\hat x and Ey^E\hat y.

This conjecture concerns the structure of the Norton algebra associated with the QQ-polynomial bilinear forms graph. Establishing the proposed basis and generation statement would give an explicit description of the Norton subalgebra determined by two adjacent vertices.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Paul Terwilliger and Jason Williford, “An equitable partition for the distance-regular graph of the bilinear forms”, arXiv:2512.12125 (2025).

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