The Polynomial Wolff axioms conjecture

Let T\mathbb{T} be a set of δ\delta-tubes in Rn\mathbb{R}^n satisfying the Polynomial Wolff Axioms: for every semi-algebraic set SS and every δ≤λ≤1\delta\leq\lambda\leq1, the number of tubes with ∣T∩S∣≥λ|T\cap S|\geq\lambda obeys

#{T∈T:∣T∩S∣≥λ}≲λ−n∣S∣δ1−n.\#\{T\in\mathbb{T}:|T\cap S|\geq\lambda\}\lesssim\lambda^{-n}|S|\delta^{1-n}.

Polynomial Wolff axioms conjecture. The following assertions should hold:

(A)

∣⋃T∈TT∣⪆∑T∈T∣T∣.\left|\bigcup_{T\in\mathbb{T}}T\right|\gtrapprox\sum_{T\in\mathbb{T}}|T|.

(B) If Y(T)⊂TY(T)\subset T and ∣Y(T)∣≥(log⁡1/δ)−1∣T∣|Y(T)|\geq(\log 1/\delta)^{-1}|T|, then

∣⋃T∈TT∣⪆∑T∈T∣T∣.\left|\bigcup_{T\in\mathbb{T}}T\right|\gtrapprox\sum_{T\in\mathbb{T}}|T|.

(C)

∥∑T∈TχT∥nn−1⪅1.\left\|\sum_{T\in\mathbb{T}}\chi_T\right\|_{\frac{n}{n-1}}\lessapprox1.

These assertions ask whether the Polynomial Wolff Axioms suffice for Kakeya-type volume, Hausdorff-dimension, and endpoint overlap bounds. The supplied source gives no resolution status.

References

Primary source

Joshua Zahl, “A Survey of the Kakeya conjecture, 2000-2025”, arXiv:2512.09397 (2025).

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