The Riemannian isoperimetric inequality for black-hole surfaces

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Let Σ\Sigma be a compact surface in an asymptotically flat manifold with nonnegative scalar curvature R≥0R\geq0. Let MM be the mass and define the Schwarzschild radius by rH=2Mr_H=2M. Riemannian isoperimetric conjecture. The surface should satisfy

A≥4πrH2,A\geq4\pi r_H^2,

or equivalently

A16π≥M2.\sqrt{\frac{A}{16\pi}}\geq\frac{M}{2}.

The source describes this as weaker than the Penrose inequality and says it follows from similar techniques, but gives no definitive resolution status.

References

Primary source

Da Xu, “The Angular Momentum Penrose Inequality”, arXiv:2512.06918 (2026).

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