Small-variance conjecture for projected normals on Stiefel manifolds

Let K\mathbb{K} be the underlying scalar field, let Mn,k(K)\operatorname{M}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K}) be the ambient matrix space, and let Stn,k(K)\operatorname{St}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K}) be the Stiefel manifold with its volume measure dVolStn,k(K)\operatorname{dVol}_{\operatorname{St}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K})}. Let X=dN(μ,v2IMn,k(K))X\operatorname{\overset{d}{=}}N(\mu,v^2I_{\operatorname{M}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K})}) with μStn,k(K)\mu\in\operatorname{St}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K}), and write ppr(X)p_{\operatorname{pr}(X)} for the density of its projection onto the Stiefel manifold. Small-variance conjecture. For small vv, the intrinsic scalar variance satisfies

1dim(Stn,k(K))Stn,k(K)dist2(μ,x)ppr(X)(x)dVolStn,k(K)(x)=v2+O(v3).\frac{1}{\dim(\operatorname{St}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K}))}\int_{\operatorname{St}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K})}\operatorname{dist}^2(\mu,x)p_{\operatorname{pr}(X)}(x)\operatorname{dVol}_{\operatorname{St}_{n,k}(\mathbb{K})}(x)=v^2+\mathcal{O}(v^3).

This asymptotic would justify the two-point Padé approximation used for the intrinsic scalar variance of projected normal distributions on Stiefel manifolds; beyond the stated small-variance regime, the paper reports numerical evidence but does not establish the conjecture in general.

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Primary source

Jordi-Lluís Figueras, Aron Persson and Lauri Viitasaari, “On the Convergence of the Extended Kalman Filter on Stiefel Manifolds when Observing a Constant Particle with Measurement Errors”, arXiv:2511.02680 (2025).

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