Conjectural factorization-algebra enhancement of the first law of black-hole thermodynamics

Let MM be a spacetime, let g[Lor(M)/Diff+(M)]g \in [\mathrm{Lor}(M)/\mathrm{Diff}^{+}(M)] be an asymptotically flat and stationary black-hole solution, and let Eg\mathscr{E}_g be the differential graded Lie algebra representing its formal neighborhood. Let Obscl\mathrm{Obs}^{\mathrm{cl}} be the factorization algebra of classical observables associated to this BV classical field theory. For an asymptotically flat perturbation hH0(Eg)h \in H^0(\mathscr{E}_g), black-hole first-law enhancement conjecture. The perturbation hh recovers a factorization-algebra enhancement of the first law of black-hole thermodynamics, with the left-hand side included from H0(Obscl(Σ))H^0(\mathrm{Obs}^{\mathrm{cl}}(\Sigma)) into H0(Obscl(M))H^0(\mathrm{Obs}^{\mathrm{cl}}(M)) and the right-hand side included from H0(Obscl(E))H^0(\mathrm{Obs}^{\mathrm{cl}}(E_{\infty})). This is proposed as a factorization-algebra formulation of the first law and as a step toward a mathematical treatment of black-hole entropy; the result remains to be proved.

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Primary source

Filip Dul, “Factorization Algebras for Linearized Gravity”, arXiv:2509.21458 (2025).

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