The gluing formula for fhat{Z}-invariants of glued knot complements

Let K1K_1 and K2K_2 be knots with well-defined GM series, and let

M=(S3ν(K2))γ(S3ν(K1))M=(S^3\setminus\nu(K_2))\cup_\gamma(S^3\setminus\nu(K_1))

be the manifold obtained by gluing with γ=(ra\pb)\gamma=\begin{pmatrix}r&a\p&b\end{pmatrix}. Write the GM series as FKi(X,q)=mZ+12fKim(q)XmF_{K_i}(X,q)=\sum_{m\in\mathbb{Z}+\frac12}f^{m}_{K_i}(q)X^m. Gluing Formula. The invariant is

Z^α(q)=m1,m2Z+12fK1m1(q)fK2m2(q)q1p(bm12+2m1m2+rm22)δZ(m1+rm2p+αp),\hat{Z}_{\alpha}(q)=\sum_{m_1,m_2\in\mathbb{Z}+\frac12}f^{m_1}_{K_1}(q)f^{m_2}_{K_2}(q)q^{-\frac1p(bm_1^2+2m_1m_2+rm_2^2)}\delta^{\mathbb{Z}}\left(\frac{m_1+rm_2}{p}+\frac{\alpha}{p}\right),

so long as the right-hand side converges. This is expected beyond the plumbed-knot case whenever the GM series are well-defined; convergence remains part of the assertion.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Pedro Guicardi and Mrunmay Jagadale, “Z-TQFT, Surgery Formulas, and New Algebras”, arXiv:2509.14311 (2025).

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