Padé–biroot correspondence for square-root approximations

Let P[p/q](c)(x)P_{[p/q]}^{(c)}(x) denote the [p/q][p/q] Padé approximant associated with the square-root expansion at cc, and let βm2(x,c)\beta_m^2(x,\sqrt{c}) be the square biroot approximation. Set

m=p+q+1,m=p+q+1,

with q{p,p1}q\in\{p,p-1\}. Padé–biroot correspondence. The approximant satisfies

P[p/q](c)(x)x=βm2(x,c).P_{[p/q]}^{(c)}(x)\sim\sqrt{x}=\beta_m^2(x,\sqrt{c}).

The conjecture proposes that the binomial-coefficient construction underlying the biroot method reproduces the relevant Padé approximants, including the observed correspondence between Newton iterations and Padé approximations for square roots.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Isaac Wolford, “Combinatorial and Gaussian Foundations of Rational Nth Root Approximations: Theorems and Conjectures”, arXiv:2508.14095 (2025).

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