Conjecture on linear independence of twisted periods with different characters

Let KK be the weight, SKS_K the space of cusp forms under consideration, and r,χr_{\ell,\chi} the twisted period indexed by \ell and a primitive Dirichlet character χ\chi. Let D1D\geq1 and 3K423\leq\ell\leq\frac{K-4}{2} be integers, and let χ1,,χn\chi_1,\ldots,\chi_n be distinct primitive Dirichlet characters modulo DD satisfying χi(1)=(1)\chi_i(-1)=(-1)^\ell. Different-character twisted-period conjecture. If ndimSKn\leq\dim S_K, then the set {r,χi}i=1n\{r_{\ell,\chi_i}\}_{i=1}^{n} of twisted periods on SKS_K is linearly independent. The conjecture predicts that fixed-index twisted periods with different characters span SKS_K^* when sufficiently many primitive characters are available; it was verified in the paper for K,D40K,D\leq40 by the corresponding matrix computations.

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Primary source

Tianyu Ni and Hui Xue, “Twisted periods of modular forms”, arXiv:2507.17041 (2026).

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