Conjecture on linear independence of twisted periods with different indices

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Let KK be the weight, SKS_K the space of cusp forms under consideration, and rℓ,χr_{\ell,\chi} the twisted period indexed by ℓ\ell and a primitive Dirichlet character χ\chi. Let 3≤ℓ1<ℓ2<⋯<ℓn≤K−423\leq\ell_1<\ell_2<\cdots<\ell_n\leq\frac{K-4}{2} be integers, let D≥1D\geq1 be an integer, and let χ\chi be a primitive Dirichlet character satisfying χ(−1)=(−1)ℓi\chi(-1)=(-1)^{\ell_i} for every ii. Different-index twisted-period conjecture. If n≤dim⁡SKn\leq\dim S_K, then {rℓi,χ}i=1n\{r_{\ell_i,\chi}\}_{i=1}^{n} is linearly independent. The conjecture predicts that twisted periods with one fixed character and different indices span the relevant dual space; it was verified in the paper for K,D≤40K,D\leq40 by checking nonsingularity of the associated coefficient matrices.

References

Primary source

Tianyu Ni and Hui Xue, “Twisted periods of modular forms”, arXiv:2507.17041 (2026).

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