Higher instability non-structure conjecture over a predicate

Let TT be a countable theory and let PP be a distinguished unary predicate. Assume that TT is nn-unstable over PP for some nn. For every sufficiently large regular cardinal λ\lambda and every μλ\mu\geq\lambda, consider models of TT of cardinality μ\mu, with isomorphism taken over PP.

Higher instability conjecture. The theory TT has 2λ2^\lambda models of cardinality μ\mu that are pairwise non-isomorphic over PP.

This is the paper's restatement of the non-structure direction of the generalized Gaifman conjecture. The source presents it as unproved and notes that proving it may be challenging.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Saharon Shelah and Alexander Usvyatsov, “Stable amalgamation over a predicate and the Gaifman property”, arXiv:2507.12631 (2025).

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