Stevenhagen's conjecture on Eisenstein discriminants

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Let dd be a positive square-free integer with d≡5 mod 8d\equiv 5 \bmod 8, let K=Q(d)K=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{d}) with ring of integers OK=Z[1+d2]\mathcal{O}_K=\mathbb{Z}[\frac{1+\sqrt{d}}{2}], and let εd\varepsilon_d be its fundamental unit. Define

D:={d∈Z>0∣d≡5 mod 8, d is square-free}\mathcal{D}:=\{d\in\mathbb{Z}_{>0}\mid d\equiv 5\bmod 8,\ d\text{ is square-free}\}

and

E:={d∈D∣εd≡1 mod 2OK}.\mathcal{E}:=\{d\in\mathcal{D}\mid \varepsilon_d\equiv 1\bmod 2\mathcal{O}_K\}.

Writing

πE(x):=∑d∈E, d≤x1,\pi_{\mathcal{E}}(x):=\sum_{d\in\mathcal{E},\ d\leq x}1,

Stevenhagen's conjecture. As x→∞x\to\infty,

πE(x)∼13π2x.\pi_{\mathcal{E}}(x)\sim\frac{1}{3\pi^2}x.

The conjecture asserts that one third of the discriminants in D\mathcal{D} are Eisenstein discriminants, reflecting the three possible nonzero reductions of the fundamental unit modulo 2OK2\mathcal{O}_K.

References

Primary source

Florian Breuer and James Punch, “Quadratic units and cubic fields”, arXiv:2507.06579 (2025).

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