Non-isomorphism of ultrapowers for structures with the independence property

Let MM be a structure whose first-order theory has the independence property witnessed by an affine quantifier-free formula. Let (Ω,μ)(\Omega,\mu) be a diffuse probability space, and let U\mathcal{U} be a countably incomplete ultrafilter. For a diffuse measure space Λ\Lambda and a structure NN, consider the ultrapower L1(Ω,M)UL^1(\Omega,M)^{\mathcal{U}}. Non-isomorphism conjecture. L1(Ω,M)UL^1(\Omega,M)^{\mathcal{U}} is not isomorphic to L1(Λ,N)L^1(\Lambda,N) for any diffuse measure space Λ\Lambda and any structure NN. This is suggested by the proof of the preceding proposition, which gives evidence that the independence property obstructs such an isomorphism; the source does not provide a resolution.

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Primary source

Ilijas Farah and Andrea Vaccaro, “Probably isomorphic structures”, arXiv:2507.01518 (2026).

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