Non-isomorphism of ultrapowers for structures with the independence property
Non-isomorphism of ultrapowers for structures with the independence property
Let be a structure whose first-order theory has the independence property witnessed by an affine quantifier-free formula. Let be a diffuse probability space, and let be a countably incomplete ultrafilter. For a diffuse measure space and a structure , consider the ultrapower . Non-isomorphism conjecture. is not isomorphic to for any diffuse measure space and any structure . This is suggested by the proof of the preceding proposition, which gives evidence that the independence property obstructs such an isomorphism; the source does not provide a resolution.
Sources & referencesView supporting material
Primary source
Ilijas Farah and Andrea Vaccaro, “Probably isomorphic structures”, arXiv:2507.01518 (2026).
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