Kusner's 16π-conjecture for sphere eversions

A sphere eversion is a regular homotopy H:S2×[0,1]R3H:\mathbb{S}^2\times[0,1]\to\mathbb{R}^3 connecting two round spheres of opposite orientation. Kusner's 16π-conjecture. There exists a sphere eversion HH satisfying, for every t[0,1]t\in[0,1],

W(Ht)16π.W(H_t)\leq 16\pi.

Every sphere eversion must reach Willmore energy at least 16π16\pi because it has a quadruple point at some time and the Li--Yau inequality applies. Whether the lower bound is attainable by an optimal sphere eversion is not resolved in the supplied text.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Elena Mäder-Baumdicker and Jona Seidel, “The Willmore Energy Landscape of Spheres and Avoidable Singularities of the Willmore Flow”, arXiv:2506.23359 (2025).

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