Joint empirical density formula for left and right eigenvectors

Let XX be an N×NN\times N matrix, let zz be an eigenvalue, and let v{\bf v} and u{\bf u} be corresponding right and left eigenvectors. Normalize the right eigenvector by vv=1{\bf v}^*{\bf v}=1 and impose vu=1{\bf v}^*{\bf u}=1. With respect to the measure d2zd2NudμH(v)d^2z\,d^{2N}{\bf u}\,d\mu_H({\bf v}), where dμHd\mu_H is the relevant Haar measure on normalized right eigenvectors, let ΠN(z,v,u)\Pi_N(z,\mathbf{v},\mathbf{u}) denote their joint empirical density. Left-right eigenvector density conjecture. The density is given by

ΠN(z,v,u)=KNdet(Xz1N)2ddzdet(Xz1N)2\Pi_N(z,\mathbf{v},\mathbf{u})=K_N\left|{\,\rm \det}\:\left(X-z{\bf 1}_N\right)\right|^2\left|\frac{d}{dz}{\,\rm \det}\:\left(X-z{\bf 1}_N\right)\right|^2 ×δ(2N)((Xz1N)v)δ(2N)((Xz1N)u)δ(2)(vu1),\times\delta^{(2N)}\left(\left(X-z{\bf 1}_N\right)\mathbf{v}\right)\,\delta^{(2N)}\left(\left(X-z{\bf 1}_N\right)^*\mathbf{u}\right)\delta^{(2)}({\bf v}^*\mathbf{u}-1),

where KNK_N is the appropriate normalization constant. A formula of this kind would extend the Kac–Rice approach from right-eigenvector statistics to joint left- and right-eigenvector statistics and could provide access to overlap observables, but the source states that this direction is not yet complete.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Yan V Fyodorov, “Kac-Rice inspired approach to non-Hermitian random matrices”, arXiv:2506.21058 (2025).

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