The 1-2 Conjecture for total multiset-labellings

Let GG be a graph. A total kk-labelling is a map :V(G)E(G){1,,k}\ell:V(G)\cup E(G)\to\{1,\dots,k\}. For each vertex uu, let μ(u)\mu_\ell(u) be the multiset of labels incident to uu, including the label of uu. The labelling is multiset-proper when adjacent vertices have distinct incident multisets, and χMt(G)\chi^t_{\rm M}(G) is the least kk for which such a total labelling exists. The 1-2 Conjecture (multiset version). For every graph GG,

χMt(G)2.\chi^t_{\rm M}(G)\leq 2.

The paper introduces this multiset variant formally and presents it as the easiest of the three total variants; its status is open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Julien Bensmail, Beatriz Martins and Chaoliang Tang, “1-2 Conjectures for Graphs with Low Degeneracy Properties”, arXiv:2504.21452 (2025).

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