Raising and lowering symmetry operators of the periodic Motzkin chain

From papers

Let si±s_i^\pm be local spin-11 operators at site ii, let II be the identity operator, and let Hperiodic\mathrm{H}^{\text{periodic}} be the periodic Motzkin-chain Hamiltonian. Define

\Sigma^\pm=\sum_{\substack{r_1,\dots,r_N\in\{-2,-1,0,1,2\}\r_1+\dots+r_N=\pm1}}s_1^{r_1}\cdots s_N^{r_N},

where si0Is_i^0\equiv I, si±1si±s_i^{\pm1}\equiv s_i^\pm, and si±2(si±)2s_i^{\pm2}\equiv(s_i^\pm)^2.

Raising and lowering operator conjecture. There exist raising and lowering operators Σ±\Sigma^\pm satisfying

Σ±vSz={c±(Sz)vSz±1,Sz±N,0,Sz=±N,\Sigma^\pm\lvert v_{S^z}\rangle=\begin{cases}c_\pm(S^z)\lvert v_{S^z\pm1}\rangle,&S^z\ne\pm N,\\0,&S^z=\pm N,\end{cases}

with c±(Sz)0c_\pm(S^z)\ne0, and commuting with the Hamiltonian,

[Σ±,Hperiodic]=0.[\Sigma^\pm,\mathrm{H}^{\text{periodic}}]=0.

They are given by the displayed sum, equivalently by the residue formula in the source.

These operators would provide non-local symmetries connecting the conjectured ground states. The source reports verification through small system sizes but gives no proof or resolution.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Andrei G. Pronko, “Periodic Motzkin chain: Ground states and symmetries”, arXiv:2504.00835 (2025).

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