The full Brouwer's Laplacian spectrum conjecture

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Let GG be a graph on nn vertices with mm edges and Laplacian eigenvalues μ1≥μ2≥⋯≥μn\mu_1\geq\mu_2\geq\cdots\geq\mu_n, and define

sk(G):=∑i=1kμi.s_k(G):=\sum_{i=1}^k\mu_i.

For integers k∈{1,2,⋯ ,n−1}k\in\{1,2,\cdots,n-1\}, let Gk,r,sG_{k,r,s} be the graph of order n=k+r+sn=k+r+s consisting of a clique KkK_k and two independent sets Kr‾\overline{K_r} and Ks‾\overline{K_s}, with every vertex of KkK_k adjacent to every vertex of Kr‾\overline{K_r}, and with

N(vi)⊊V(Kk),N(vi+1)⊆N(vi)N(v_i)\subsetneq V(K_k),\qquad N(v_{i+1})\subseteq N(v_i)

for i=1,2,⋯ ,si=1,2,\cdots,s and i=1,2,⋯ ,s−1i=1,2,\cdots,s-1, respectively. The full Brouwer's conjecture. For every such kk,

sk(G)≤m+(k+12),s_k(G)\leq m+\binom{k+1}{2},

with equality if and only if G≅Gk,r,sG\cong G_{k,r,s} for some r≥1r\geq1 and s≥0s\geq0. This is equivalent to requiring that equality holds exactly for threshold graphs with nn vertices and clique number k+1k+1. The conjecture has been confirmed for graphs with at most 99 vertices and for several values of kk, but remains open in general.

References

Primary source

Xiaodan Chen and Junwei Zi, “More on the full Brouwer Laplacian spectrum conjecture”, arXiv:2503.11165 (2025).

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