The full Brouwer's Laplacian spectrum conjecture

Let GG be a graph on nn vertices with mm edges and Laplacian eigenvalues μ1μ2μn\mu_1\geq\mu_2\geq\cdots\geq\mu_n, and define

sk(G):=i=1kμi.s_k(G):=\sum_{i=1}^k\mu_i.

For integers k{1,2,,n1}k\in\{1,2,\cdots,n-1\}, let Gk,r,sG_{k,r,s} be the graph of order n=k+r+sn=k+r+s consisting of a clique KkK_k and two independent sets Kr\overline{K_r} and Ks\overline{K_s}, with every vertex of KkK_k adjacent to every vertex of Kr\overline{K_r}, and with

N(vi)V(Kk),N(vi+1)N(vi)N(v_i)\subsetneq V(K_k),\qquad N(v_{i+1})\subseteq N(v_i)

for i=1,2,,si=1,2,\cdots,s and i=1,2,,s1i=1,2,\cdots,s-1, respectively. The full Brouwer's conjecture. For every such kk,

sk(G)m+(k+12),s_k(G)\leq m+\binom{k+1}{2},

with equality if and only if GGk,r,sG\cong G_{k,r,s} for some r1r\geq1 and s0s\geq0. This is equivalent to requiring that equality holds exactly for threshold graphs with nn vertices and clique number k+1k+1. The conjecture has been confirmed for graphs with at most 99 vertices and for several values of kk, but remains open in general.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Xiaodan Chen and Junwei Zi, “More on the full Brouwer Laplacian spectrum conjecture”, arXiv:2503.11165 (2025).

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