Magnetic second-eigenvalue minimizer phase-transition conjecture

Let B0B\geq0 be a constant magnetic field, let ΩR2\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^2 be a bounded open domain with Ω=1|\Omega|=1, and let λ2(Ω,B)\lambda_2(\Omega,B) be the second eigenvalue of the magnetic Dirichlet Laplacian. Magnetic second-eigenvalue phase-transition conjecture. The minimizing domain changes at the critical field B=4πB=4\pi: it is two disjoint disks of equal measure for B4πB\leq4\pi, and a single disk for B4πB\geq4\pi. Numerical evidence suggests a sudden transition at the threshold, but the conjecture remains open.

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Primary source

Matthias Baur, “Numerical Optimization of Eigenvalues of the magnetic Dirichlet Laplacian with constant magnetic field”, arXiv:2412.06533 (2025).

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