The two-dimensional sample path central limit conjecture for voter-model occupation time

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Let T>0T>0, let up u_p be the product Bernoulli measure of density pp, let up u_p govern the initial voter-model configuration η0\eta_0, and let ηs(O)\eta_s(O) denote the occupation state at the origin at time ss. Let {ϑt}t≥0\{\vartheta_t\}_{t\geq 0} be the centered Gaussian process with continuous sample paths and covariance, for 0≤s≤t0\leq s\leq t,

Cov⁡(ϑt,ϑs)=(t+s)24log⁡(t+s)+(t−s)24log⁡(t−s)−s2log⁡s2−t2log⁡t2.\operatorname{Cov}(\vartheta_t,\vartheta_s)=\frac{(t+s)^2}{4}\log(t+s)+\frac{(t-s)^2}{4}\log(t-s)-\frac{s^2\log s}{2}-\frac{t^2\log t}{2}.

Two-dimensional occupation-time central limit conjecture. If d=2d=2 and η0\eta_0 is distributed according to νp\nu_p, then

{(Nlog⁡N)−1∫0tN(ηs(O)−p) ds:0≤t≤T}N≥1\left\{\left(\frac{N}{\sqrt{\log N}}\right)^{-1}\int_0^{tN}\left(\eta_s(O)-p\right)\,ds:0\leq t\leq T\right\}_{N\geq 1}

converges weakly, with respect to the Skorohod topology of C[0,T]C[0,T], to {C2ϑt}0≤t≤T\{C_2\vartheta_t\}_{0\leq t\leq T} as N→+∞N\to+\infty, where C2=2p(1−p)C_2=\sqrt{2p(1-p)}. This is the conjectured two-dimensional analogue of the proved sample path central limit theorem in dimensions d≥3d\geq 3; the logarithmic normalization and the nonstandard Gaussian limit arise from the recurrent two-dimensional random walk, and the claim remains open in the source.

References

Primary source

Xiaofeng Xue, “Sample path central limit theorem for the occupation time of the voter model on a lattice”, arXiv:2412.05064 (2024).

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