The asymptotic half-frequency conjecture for the kth-most frequent element

Let F\mathcal F be a union-closed set family, let fk(F)f_k(\mathcal F) denote its kkth-highest element frequency, and fix kNk\in\mathbb N. Asymptotic half-frequency conjecture. As F|\mathcal F|\to\infty,

fk(F)=12o(1).f_k(\mathcal F)=\frac12-o(1).

The paper establishes the weaker asymptotic lower bound fk(F)(35)/2o(1)f_k(\mathcal F)\geq(3-\sqrt5)/2-o(1); whether the kkth-most frequent element asymptotically appears in half the sets remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Shagnik Das and Saintan Wu, “Frequent elements in union-closed set families”, arXiv:2412.03862 (2025).

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