The multiplicative generation conjecture for generalized Motzkin numbers

Let a,bZa,b\in\mathbb{Z}, let pp be a prime, and define

Sp={Tna,bnFp}.S_p=\left\{T^{a,b}_n\mid n\in\mathbb{F}_p\right\}.

Assume that pp does not divide any member of SpS_p. Multiplicative generation conjecture. The set SpS_p generates Fp×\mathbb{F}_p^\times as a multiplicative group. Equivalently,

{Tna,bmodpnN}=Fp×.\left\{T^{a,b}_n\bmod p\mid n\in\mathbb{N}\right\}=\mathbb{F}_p^\times.

Consequently, all values of Fp×\mathbb{F}_p^\times appear in Tna,bT^{a,b}_n and Mna,bM^{a,b}_n modulo pp, with equal density. The claim concerns the distribution and symmetry of generalized Motzkin numbers modulo primes; the supplied text does not establish its resolution, so its status remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Nadav Kohen, “Density and Symmetry in the Generalized Motzkin Numbers mod p”, arXiv:2411.03681 (2025).

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