Index lower-bound conjecture for branched CMC immersions

Let u:Σ2N3u:\Sigma^2\to N^3 be a branched CMC hh-immersion, where N3N^3 has strictly positive sectional curvature, and let gg denote the genus of Σ\Sigma. Write iAhi_{\mathcal{A}_h} and nAhn_{\mathcal{A}_h} for the index and nullity of the relevant constrained second-variation operator. Index lower-bound conjecture. There exists a constant C=C(N)<C=C(N)<\infty such that

C((1+h2)Area(Σ)+g)iAh+nAh.C\left((1+h^2)\operatorname{Area}(\Sigma)+g\right)\leq i_{\mathcal{A}_h}+n_{\mathcal{A}_h}.

For N=R3N=\mathbb{R}^3 or N=T3N=T^3 a flat three-torus, the analogous expected bound is

C(h2Area(Σ)+g)iAh+nAh.C\left(h^2\operatorname{Area}(\Sigma)+g\right)\leq i_{\mathcal{A}_h}+n_{\mathcal{A}_h}.

The conjecture asserts that the index plus nullity is bounded below linearly by the Willmore-type energy and genus, complementing known index lower bounds in terms of genus. The stated flat-ambient version is presented as an expectation rather than an asserted theorem, and the source gives no resolution.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Luca Seemungal and Ben Sharp, “Index estimates for constant mean curvature surfaces in three-manifolds by energy comparison”, arXiv:2411.02932 (2026).

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