Non-ellipses have caustics with more than four cusps

Let CC be an oval, meaning a smooth strictly convex closed curve in the plane, and let an nn-th caustic by reflection from an interior point OO be the envelope of billiard trajectories after nn reflections from CC. Non-ellipse cusp conjecture. If CC is not an ellipse, then there exists an integer n1n\geq 1 and an open set UU inside CC such that, for every OUO\in U, the number of cusps of the nn-th caustic by reflection from OO is greater than four. This is presented as a refined version of an earlier conjecture; the paper establishes the general lower bound of four cusps for generic interior points, but the stated non-ellipse assertion remains open.

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Primary source

Gil Bor, Mark Spivakovsky and Serge Tabachnikov, “Cusps of caustics by reflection in ellipses”, arXiv:2406.11074 (2024).

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