Shapiro's weighted tropical bound for real zeros

Let P(x)=k=0nakxkP(x)=\sum_{k=0}^n a_kx^k be a polynomial with positive coefficients. Define its weighted tropical polynomial by

ftrop(P)(t)=maxk(log(ak)+kt+log(nk)).\operatorname{ftrop}(P)(t)=\max_k\left(\log(a_k)+kt+\log\binom{n}{k}\right).

A corner is a point where this piecewise-linear function is not differentiable. Shapiro's conjecture. The number of real zeros of P(x)P(x) does not exceed the number of corners of ftrop(P)(t)\operatorname{ftrop}(P)(t) for tRt\in\mathbb{R}. The paper states that this conjecture was among the motivations for the work and that two related conjectures were subsequently disproved, but it does not identify which conjecture this concerns or provide a resolution here.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Olga Katkova, Boris Shapiro and Anna Vishnyakova, “In search of Newton-type inequalities”, arXiv:2403.12200 (2024).

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