Monotonicity conjecture for rational q-Catalan numbers

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For coprime positive integers aa and bb, define the rational qq-Catalan number

Cat⁡(a,b)q=1[a]q[a−1+ba−1]q.\operatorname{Cat}(a,b)_q=\frac{1}{[a]_q}\genfrac{[}{]}{0pt}{}{a-1+b}{a-1}_q.

Here [n]q=(1−qn)/(1−q)[n]_q=(1-q^n)/(1-q) and N[q]\mathbb{N}[q] denotes polynomials in qq with non-negative integer coefficients. Monotonicity conjecture. For any a,b,c≥1a,b,c\geq 1 with gcd⁡(a,b)=gcd⁡(a,c)=1\gcd(a,b)=\gcd(a,c)=1 and b<cb<c,

Cat⁡(a,c)q−Cat⁡(a,b)q∈N[q].\operatorname{Cat}(a,c)_q-\operatorname{Cat}(a,b)_q\in\mathbb{N}[q].

This conjecture predicts coefficientwise monotonicity of rational qq-Catalan numbers as the second parameter increases. The paper proves it for the infinite family of triples with a≤20a\leq 20, but the general case remains open.

References

Primary source

Drew Armstrong, “Lattice Points and Rational q-Catalan Numbers”, arXiv:2403.06318 (2026).

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