Bourin–Lee's multivariable unitary-orbit inequality conjecture

From papers

Let A1,,AnA_1,\ldots,A_n be m×mm\times m matrices and let p>2p>2. There are n(n1)2+1\frac{n(n-1)}{2}+1 unitary matrices UU and Ui,jU_{i,j} for 1i<jn1\le i<j\le n.

Bourin–Lee's multivariable conjecture. The unitary matrices can be chosen so that

Ui=1nAipU+1i<jnUi,jAiAjpUi,jnp1i=1nAip.U\left|\sum_{i=1}^n A_i \right|^pU^*+\sum_{1\le i<j\le n}U_{i,j}\left|A_i-A_j\right|^pU_{i,j}^*\le n^{p-1}\sum_{i=1}^n\left|A_i\right|^p.

For 0<p20<p\le 2, the inequality should be reversed. This is proposed as an nn-variable extension of a known two-variable matrix inequality of Bourin and Lee; the source does not provide a resolution, so the conjecture remains open.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Teng Zhang, “Proof of Audenaert-Kittaneh's Conjecture”, arXiv:2401.05456 (2026).

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