The stable square-length asymptotic formula for unitary characters

From papers

Let 1wF1\ne w\in\mathbb{\mathbf{F}}, let μ=(μ1,,μk)\mu=(\mu_{1},\ldots,\mu_{k}) be an integer sequence with no zero entries, and let dw,μd_{w,\mu} be the number of orientable stable-square-length-extremal surfaces with oriented boundary components corresponding to wμ1,,wμkw^{\mu_{1}},\ldots,w^{\mu_{k}}, modulo the equivalence specified in the source. Let λ=(λ+,λ)\lambda=(\lambda^{+},\lambda^{-}) be a pair of partitions, let ξλ[N]\xi^{\lambda[N]} be the corresponding stable irreducible character of U(N)\mathrm{U}(N), and let aλ,μa_{\lambda,\mu} be the coefficient of ζμ\zeta_{\mu} in its power-sum expansion. Unitary stable square-length conjecture. For every such ww, μ\mu and λ\lambda,

Ew[ξλ[N]]=Nλssql(w)((μ:μ=λaλ,μdw,μ)+O(N1)).\mathbb{E}_{w}\left[\xi^{\lambda[N]}\right]=N^{-\lvert\lambda\rvert\mathrm{ssql}(w)}\left(\left(\sum_{\mu:\lvert\mu\rvert=\lvert\lambda\rvert}a_{\lambda,\mu}d_{w,\mu}\right)+O(N^{-1})\right).

The conjecture refines the proposed role of stable square length for arbitrary stable unitary representations by identifying the leading coefficient with extremal orientable surfaces. The source presents this as conjectural despite related exact surface expansions for power sums.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Doron Puder, Yotam Shomroni, Danielle Ernst-West and Matan Seidel, “Stable Invariants of Words from Random Matrices”, arXiv:2311.17733 (2026).

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