The arbitrary-collection conjecture for hard Lefschetz kernels

Let XX be a smooth projective variety of dimension nn, and let L=(L1,,Ln2)\mathfrak{L}=(L_1,\ldots,L_{n-2}) be a collection of nef classes on XX. Define

VL,eff=spanR{[D]:DPrime(X), L[D]=0},V_{\mathfrak{L},\operatorname{eff}}=\operatorname{span}_{\mathbb{R}}\{[D]:D\in\operatorname{Prime}(X),\ \mathfrak{L}\cdot[D]=0\},

and let

VL,deg=spanR{μ(α~β~):(α~,β~) is a μL-degenerate pair on X~},V_{\mathfrak{L},\deg}=\operatorname{span}_{\mathbb{R}}\{\mu_*(\widetilde{\alpha}-\widetilde{\beta}):(\widetilde{\alpha},\widetilde{\beta})\text{ is a }\mu^*\mathfrak{L}\text{-degenerate pair on }\widetilde{X}\},

where the span is over all modifications μ:X~X\mu:\widetilde{X}\to X and all such pairs on X~\widetilde{X}. Here a pair of nef classes is L\mathfrak{L}-degenerate when, for a fixed ample class AA, it satisfies Lαβ=0\mathfrak{L}\cdot\alpha\cdot\beta=0 and LAα=LAβ\mathfrak{L}\cdot A\cdot\alpha=\mathfrak{L}\cdot A\cdot\beta. Arbitrary-collection conjecture. One has

kerL=VL,eff+VL,deg.\ker \mathfrak{L}=V_{\mathfrak{L},\operatorname{eff}}+V_{\mathfrak{L},\deg}.

In particular, L\mathfrak{L} is a hard Lefschetz class if and only if VL,deg={0}V_{\mathfrak{L},\deg}=\{0\} and L[D]0\mathfrak{L}\cdot[D]\neq0 for every prime divisor DD on XX. This is the proposed extension of the supercritical picture to arbitrary nef collections; the paper states that the characterization is substantially subtler and requires new inputs, while presenting positive evidence and examples rather than a proof.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Jiajun Hu and Jian Xiao, “Numerical characterization of the hard Lefschetz classes of dimension two, I: supercritical collections under certain rearrangement”, arXiv:2309.05008 (2026).

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