The Penrose inequality for asymptotically flat initial data

Let (M,g,k)(M,g,k) be an asymptotically flat initial data set satisfying appropriate fall-off conditions and the dominant energy condition, with boundary M\partial M consisting of an outermost apparent horizon, possibly with multiple components. Let NN be any component of the boundary, and let A=Amin(N)A=A_{\min}(N) denote the outermost minimal area enclosure of NN. Penrose inequality. The ADM energy satisfies

EADMA16π.E_{ADM}\geq \sqrt{\frac{A}{16\pi}}.

Here EADME_{ADM} is the ADM energy. The Riemannian case is known, as are certain special cases such as spherical symmetry, but the inequality for general asymptotically flat initial data with extrinsic curvature remains open.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Jaroslaw S. Jaracz, “Nonexistence of Solutions to the Coupled Generalized Jang Equation/Zero Divergence System”, arXiv:2304.09332 (2023).

Additional references

5 papers in this index state this conjecture (2015–2023). The statement above is taken from the most recent of them; the others are arXiv:2210.12237, arXiv:2206.12951, arXiv:2009.03704, arXiv:1509.00456.

Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.09332 Roger Penrose (1970s), original Penrose conjecture

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