Gessel's equidistribution conjecture for permutations with disjoint cycle types

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Let μ⊢m\mu\vdash m and ν⊢n\nu\vdash n be integer partitions with no common part. Let π\pi and σ\sigma be permutations of cycle types μ\mu and ν\nu, respectively, with disjoint supports. Let Aπ,σA_{\pi,\sigma} be the subset of the conjugacy class of cycle type μ⊔ν⊢m+n\mu\sqcup\nu\vdash m+n consisting of the permutations for which the relative order of the letters in the union of all cycles of μ\mu is as in π\pi, and the relative order of the letters in the union of all cycles of ν\nu is as in σ\sigma. Gessel's conjecture. Then

∑w∈Aπ,σx\Des(w)=∑τ∈π\shuffleσx\Des(τ).\sum\limits_{w\in A_{\pi,\sigma}} {\bf x}^{\Des(w)}=\sum\limits_{\tau\in \pi\shuffle \sigma} {\bf x}^{\Des(\tau)}.

This equidistribution identity connects descent enumerators on a constrained conjugacy class with those on shuffles of the two permutations. The conjecture was proved by Gessel, so it is included as a solved result.

References

Primary source

Ron M. Adin and Yuval Roichman, “Cyclic descents, matchings and Schur-positivity”, arXiv:2210.14839 (2023).

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