The multiplicity-two conjecture for the second Dirichlet eigenvalue on simply connected planar domains

From papers

Let ΩR2\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^2 be a bounded simply connected domain, and let λ2(Ω,Δ,d)\lambda_2(\Omega,-\Delta,\mathfrak{d}) be its second Dirichlet eigenvalue. Write mult(λ2;Ω,Δ,d)\operatorname{mult}(\lambda_2;\Omega,-\Delta,\mathfrak{d}) for the multiplicity of this eigenvalue.

Multiplicity-two conjecture.

mult(λ2;Ω,Δ,d)2\operatorname{mult}(\lambda_2;\Omega,-\Delta,\mathfrak{d})\leq 2

for any simply connected bounded domain Ω\Omega.

The bound is known for convex domains and domains for which the nodal line conjecture holds. It is motivated by the sharp multiplicity bound 33 for general non-simply-connected planar domains, and remains open in the stated generality.

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Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Pierre Bérard and Bernard Helffer, “Upper bounds on eigenvalue multiplicities for spheres and plane domains revisited”, arXiv:2202.06587 (2026).

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