The characteristic-polynomial and eigenvalue conjecture for unit-primitive matrices

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Let AnA_n be the n×nn\times n unit-primitive matrix, let InI_n be the n×nn\times n identity matrix, and let Pn(x)P_n(x) be the polynomial defined by

Pn(x)=∑k=0nP(n,k)xk.P_n(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n}P(n,k)x^k.

Let Un(x)U_n(x) denote the Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind, defined by U0(x)=1U_0(x)=1, U1(x)=2xU_1(x)=2x, and Un(x)=2xUn−1(x)−Un−2(x)U_n(x)=2xU_{n-1}(x)-U_{n-2}(x). For positive integers nn, define δn,j=2cos⁡(2j−12n+1π)\delta_{n,j}=2\cos\left(\frac{2j-1}{2n+1}\pi\right) for j=1,…,nj=1,\ldots,n.

Unit-primitive matrix conjecture. The characteristic polynomial of AnA_n is

fAn(x)=det⁡(xIn−An)=xnPn(1/x),f_{A_n}(x)=\det(xI_n-A_n)=x^nP_n(1/x),

and its nn eigenvalues are

wn,j=Un−1(δn,j),j=1,…,n.w_{n,j}=U_{n-1}(\delta_{n,j}),\qquad j=1,\ldots,n.

These conjectural identities connect the characteristic polynomial and spectrum of the unit-primitive matrices with Chebyshev polynomials. The source later indicates that results concerning the eigenvalues and characteristic polynomial are proved, but the supplied parser status is unknown; the resolution should therefore be checked against the paper.

References

Primary source

Guoce Xin and Yueming Zhong, “Proving some conjectures on Kekulé numbers for certain benzenoids by using Chebyshev polynomials”, arXiv:2201.02376 (2022).

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