The Gopakumar–Vafa finiteness conjecture

Let (X,ω)(X,\omega) be a closed symplectic 66-manifold. For every AH2(X,Z)A\in H_2(X,\mathbf Z) with A0A\neq 0 and c1(A)=0c_1(A)=0, let BPSA,g(X,ω)\mathrm{BPS}_{A,g}(X,\omega) be the numbers defined by the Gopakumar–Vafa formula relating them to the Gromov–Witten invariants. The Gopakumar–Vafa conjecture. These numbers satisfy

BPSA,g(X,ω)Zfor every gN0,\mathrm{BPS}_{A,g}(X,\omega)\in\mathbf Z\quad\text{for every }g\in\mathbf N_0,

and there is a gAN0g_A\in\mathbf N_0 such that

BPSA,g(X,ω)=0for every ggA.\mathrm{BPS}_{A,g}(X,\omega)=0\quad\text{for every }g\geqslant g_A.

The conjecture asserts integrality and finiteness of the BPS invariants predicted by Gopakumar and Vafa. The integrality part has been proved by Ionel, while the finiteness assertion remains the part represented by the finiteness conjecture.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Aleksander Doan, Eleny-Nicoleta Ionel and Thomas Walpuski, “The Gopakumar-Vafa finiteness conjecture”, arXiv:2103.08221 (2025).

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