Order of rank bias for rational elliptic curves

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Let pp be a fixed prime. For each of the families Epr\mathcal E_{\mathrm{pr}}, Eall\mathcal E_{\mathrm{all}}, and Eht\mathcal E_{\mathrm{ht}}, let Er(X)\mathcal E_r(X) denote the curves of rank rr with size less than XX, and define

Ar(p,X;ϕ)=1#Er(X)∑E∈Er(X), ∣E∣<X, (NE,p)=1ap(E)ϕ(NE).\mathcal A_r(p,X;\phi)=\frac{1}{\#\mathcal E_r(X)}\sum_{E\in\mathcal E_r(X),\,|E|<X,\,(N_E,p)=1}a_p(E)\phi(N_E).

Order of rank bias. If r≥0r\geq0 and Er\mathcal E_r is infinite, then there exists δ>0\delta>0 such that, for every ϵ>0\epsilon>0, if ϕ(N)≪(log⁡N)δ−ϵ\phi(N)\ll(\log N)^{\delta-\epsilon} then Ar(p,X;ϕ)→0\mathcal A_r(p,X;\phi)\to0, while if ϕ(N)≫(log⁡N)δ−ϵ\phi(N)\gg(\log N)^{\delta-\epsilon} then ∣Ar(p,X;ϕ)∣→∞|\mathcal A_r(p,X;\phi)|\to\infty; moreover, the limit is +∞+\infty for r≤1r\leq1 and −∞-\infty for r≥2r\geq2. This asserts that the rank bias has inverse polylogarithmic order in the conductor, subject to the stated infinitude hypothesis.

References

Primary source

Kimball Martin and Thomas Pharis, “Rank bias for elliptic curves mod p”, arXiv:2103.02115 (2021).

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