Conjectures on real roots and reducibility of the polynomials B_{p_{k,n}}

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For k∈N≥2k\in\mathbb{N}_{\geq2} and n∈N+n\in\mathbb{N}_{+}, define

pk,n=22n+k−3⋅2n+k−1+2k−3p_{k,n}=2^{2n+k}-3\cdot2^{n+k-1}+2^k-3

and

Nk(n)=∣{t∈R:Bpk,n(t)=0}∣.N_k(n)=\left|\{t\in\mathbb{R}:B_{p_{k,n}}(t)=0\}\right|.

Conjectures for Bpk,nB_{p_{k,n}}. (1) If k≡0(mod2)k\equiv0\pmod 2, there is ck∈N+c_k\in\mathbb{N}_{+} such that Bpk,n(t)B_{p_{k,n}}(t) has exactly one real root for n∈N≥ckn\in\mathbb{N}_{\geq c_k}; under the same assumptions, y=Bpk,n(t)y=B_{p_{k,n}}(t) is increasing for t∈Rt\in\mathbb{R}. (2) If k≡1(mod2)k\equiv1\pmod2, there is a number CkC_k such that Nk(n)≤CkN_k(n)\leq C_k for each n∈N+n\in\mathbb{N}_{+}. (3) Bpk,n(t)B_{p_{k,n}}(t) is reducible if and only if k∈N≥3k\in\mathbb{N}_{\geq3} and n=k−1n=k-1; in that case

Bpk,k−1(t)=(1+2ttk−2−1t−1)(B2,k−2(t)+2tk−2(1+t)),B_{p_{k,k-1}}(t)=\left(1+2t\frac{t^{k-2}-1}{t-1}\right)\left(B_{2,k-2}(t)+2t^{k-2}(1+t)\right),

and both factors are irreducible in Q[t]\mathbb{Q}[t].

These claims are based on experiments with 2≤k≤102\leq k\leq10 and n≤103n\leq10^3. The source notes that Eisenstein's criterion proves irreducibility for the two factors in the stated special case, but gives no resolution of the full assertions.

References

Primary source

Maciej Ulas, “Strong arithmetic property of certain Stern polynomials”, arXiv:1909.10844 (2019).

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