Asymptotic equality of mod-\ell and \ell-adic rank-2 representation counts

Let XX be a smooth projective curve over Fq{\mathbb F}_q, let \ell be a prime different from the characteristic of Fq{\mathbb F}_q, and let T(X,2,qn,)T(X,2,q^n,\ell) and T(X,2,qn,)\overline{T(X,2,q^n,\ell)} denote respectively the cardinalities of the twisting-equivalence classes of two-dimensional \ell-adic and mod-\ell representations that remain irreducible on restriction to the geometric fundamental group. Likewise, let T(X,2,qn,)T'(X,2,q^n,\ell) and T(X,2,qn,)\overline{T'(X,2,q^n,\ell)} denote the corresponding cardinalities without the requirement that the representations be fixed by Frobenius. Asymptotic lifting conjecture. The ratios satisfy

limnT(X,2,qn,)T(X,2,qn,)=1\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\overline{T(X,2,q^n,\ell)}}{T(X,2,q^n,\ell)}=1

as nn runs through all positive integers prime to \ell, and

limnT(X,2,qn,)T(X,2,qn,)=1\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\overline{T'(X,2,q^n,\ell)}}{T'(X,2,q^n,\ell)}=1

as nn runs through all positive integers. The conjecture is motivated by the expectation that there are few congruences modulo \ell between representations as nn varies; de Jong's lifting result gives the opposite inequality between the mod-\ell and \ell-adic counts, but does not establish these limiting equalities.

Sources & referencesView supporting material

Primary source

Gebhard Böckle and Chandrashekhar Khare, “Number of irreducible mod l rank 2 sheaves on curves over finite fields”, arXiv:1606.03618 (2016).

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